WHAT IS LCD DISPLAY?
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
WHEN HAS IT EMERGED?
In 1888 the Austrian botanist and chemist Friedrich Richard Kornelius Reinitzer (1857-1927) (see the left image), experimenting with cholesteryl benzoate extracted from carrots, discovered a strange behavior of what would later be called liquid crystals. He published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society in May 1888. Later for the explanation of their behavior he collaborated with the German physicist Otto Lehmann (1855-1922) Their discovery received plenty of attention at the time, but no practical uses were apparent, and the interest dropped soon. In 1911 the French professor of mineralogy Charles-Victor Mauguin (1878–1958) made the first experiments of liquids crystals, confined between plates in thin layers.
Several other inventors and companies worked on the development of LCDs until 1971, when the company ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs. Fergason formed his own company, ILIXCO or International Liquid Crystal Company, in 1968 to manufacture liquid crystal displays. His first customers were the Bulova Watch Company and Gruen Watch Company which employed the technology to market the first LCD watches that used this technology. By the end of the decade, most of the world’s digital watches employed this kind of LCD display. In 1982, the guest-host mode combined with an AM drive was used in a wristwatch television!!The Successful Dynamic Scattering Mode
Despite a lot of appreciations, there were several problems with the guest-host effect. The dyes used and their liquid crystal hosts did not remain stable for long periods of time in applied fields; besides, the effect was sensitive to surface orientation effects and needed heating to maintain the host in its nematic phase. Scientists at the RCA tried solving these problems in all ways possible. In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates. To take full advantage of the properties of this In Plane Switching (IPS) technology further work was needed. After thorough analysis, details of advantageous embodiments are filed in Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries. The Fraunhofer Institute ISE in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigns these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, a supplier of LC substances. In 1992 NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD In 1996 In the late 1990s, the LCD industry began shifting away from Japan, towards South Korea and Taiwan, which later shifted to China.
In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs. LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank. In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.
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